Black People Free Essays

string(72) " if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†\." Tar Baby by Toni Morrison 7. What is the symbolic function of the African woman who spits at Jadine? Tar Baby Toni Morrison’s novel might for some be a novel of cultural awakening. One also might at their first reading and perhaps also by reading the different studies made on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrison’s protagonist, as woman who has, consciously or unconsciously, lost her â€Å"ancient properties† (305) and internalized the values of a white culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Black People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jadine has totally disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage. This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her aunt’s and uncle’s employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley – the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as one that Morrison wants to affirm the self-reliance and freedom of a black woman who makes choices for her own life on her own terms. She also seeks to point out the dangers that can happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. While the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly â€Å"between assimilation and cultural nationalism represented by the sealskin coat Ryk has given her and the pie table† (Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do not come from the white characters but primarily from the black community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced white stereotypes along with white culture. While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin. On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadine’s university education in Europe and her career that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the ‘society’ that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadine’s uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine. They do not accept all black people equal in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only woman in the house (209), while Sydney notes more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, â€Å"the proudest people in the race† (61). They seem to have a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but what they want of her or expect her to do. In addition to them wanting Jadine to provide them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, â€Å"maybe I just wanted her to feel sorry for us [†¦ ] and that’s a lowdown wish if I ever had one† (282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine â€Å"had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the rest† (49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she â€Å"would have stood on her feet all day all night to put Jadine through that school† (193). Ondine sees Jadine as her â€Å"crown† (282), and she and Sydney are continually â€Å"boasting† (49) about Jadine’s success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine â€Å"Mother Superior† (84). In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that â€Å"Nothing can happen to us as long as she’s here† (102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is â€Å"white but European which was not as bad as white and American† (48), but they are terrified of her running off with a â€Å"no-count Negro† (193) like Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is best for Jadine. Jadine refute Ondine’s views of black womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that: â€Å"I don’t want to learn how to be the kind of woman you’re talking about because I don’t want to be that kind of woman† (282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadine’s â€Å"rejecting the roles of mother, daughter, and woman to stay the tar baby† (Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadine‘s inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separation rom the Afro-American roots and the tar quality that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a family and by large the community. Jadine‘s perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisi an bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire. She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more secure with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before: ? That woman‘s woman – that mother/sister/she/; that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source â€Å"Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that â€Å"Morrison presents a threefold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only. The three eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†. You read "Black People" in category "Papers" Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African woman‘s presence as such: â€Å"Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life. She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily crushed as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless condition surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexuality†. Jadine sees ? something in her eyes so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that â€Å"As a symbol of repudiation of Jadine‘s westernized lifestyle, the African woman ? ooks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavement†. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way; lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of one‘s ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the woman‘s insult to Jadine had the powe rful effect of challenging Jadine‘s choices: her white boyfriend, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life. One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is confused and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend: I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isn‘t me he wants, but any black girl who looks like me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I don‘t have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside – not American – not black – just me? p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to ‘redeem’ herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feel s at ease. She feels loved and safe: ? He ‘unorphaned’ her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally. Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his hometown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to rescue Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community: ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity. He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes: ? In Son‘s dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the toughness of black women; his vision is of male dominance; of the black women as handmaiden? 511). The image feminity that Son cherishes – of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth – is flagrantly opposite to Jadine‘s perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black woman’s vital roles of building families and raising children. The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek equality in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples: ? What was once a viable institution because women were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of women‘s liberation. The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the male‘s prerogatives? (125). The black woman‘s intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrison‘s tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields. It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the propagation of a family are not too bright. Jadine‘s tar quality is submerged by the white-like urge for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value sy stem†. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization. Jadine cannot ? nderstand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men grouped on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to attain certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe limited and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerian‘s mansion. She stays in Aunt Rosa‘s house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room. She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were having sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women – her own dead mother, her Aunt Ondine, Son‘s dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past – become a threatening part of Jadine‘s dreams: I have breasts too,‘ she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. ‘ But they didn‘t believe her. They just held their own higher and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her†¦ not merely looking superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts. The night women? ccuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they ‘brandish’ their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women bac kward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life. Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of concern for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Son— ? I can‘t let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her Afro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be . Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesn‘t want what Son and Eloe have to offer: To settle for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community. How to cite Black People, Papers Black People Free Essays In this essay I am going to compose a piece of text which will involve the tension of Segregation. In the 1930s, although 50% of the population of Southern towns were black, they had no vote and could not marry whites. Also in the 1930’s, many black people lived in the southern states. We will write a custom essay sample on Black People or any similar topic only for you Order Now During that time, racism reached its highest point. For instance, the whites treated the blacks very poorly because they thought that the blacks were lower than them. Therefore, the blacks had to fight for the right to be treated equally. As a result, black people had to face the Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan. In my own opinion I think that the 1930 was a turbulent time for race relations in America. Paragraph 1: The first racism incident that I have spotted out and chosen to write about in my essay is when the Wallace’s’ poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them on fire. One of the nephews died, the other one is alive but has the same condition as Mr Berry. The reason why the Wallace’s poured kerosene over the Berry’s was because they caught them flirting with a white woman which wasn’t allowed back then. In fact, it was not even true! The Berry’s didn’t even flirt with her. They lied about it. The quote that goes with this event was when mama (Cassies’ mum) said to her kids, â€Å"The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them afire. † â€Å"Everyone knows they did it, and the Wallaces even laugh about it, but nothing was ever done. † At this right moment I feel disgusted and baffled that people could actually do this in the 1930s. The sympathy for the Wallace’s has decreased because setting fire to someone is arson and that makes Mr Wallace and his clique an arsonist. Also it makes us feel that the Wallaces are black-hearted and atrocious people, because who would want to set a person on fire? Then laugh about it. The sympathy for the Berrys has definitely increased because of what happened to both Mr Berry and his two nephews is utterly excruciating and the fact that there is no reason behind why the Wallaces did it, makes the reader feel more sorrowful for them. On the other hand in the book it says, â€Å"Disfigured man lying in the darkness† In that quote you can see how dreadful his injuries were. He was even camouflaging with the darkness; see that is real bad? Paragraph 2: The second racism incident that I found very crucial was when Cassie bumped into Lillian Jean Simms by accident but Lillian Jean still DEMANDED for a sorry and for Cassie to get on her knees instantly. As well as this was racism, it was also bullying in some kind of way because Cassie didn’t want to get on her Knees but she still got forced. â€Å"Kicking at the sidewalk, my head bowed. It was then that I bumped into Lillian Jean Simms. † Cassie really didn’t mean to bump into Lillian Jean at all but she took it over the top reacted to the bump by saying, â€Å"why don’t you watch were you’re going? † â€Å"Well apologize† â€Å"That ain’t enough. Get down in the road† This right here is what you call racism. Cassie didn’t intend to bump into Lillian Jean, it was just an accident but because Cassie is black they didn’t care at all. Cassie even got pushed around by Mr Simms. Mr Simms was even sticking up for his daughter even though she was in the wrong. Lillian Jeans’ father was saying to Cassie that when Lillian tells you that you should get off the sidewalk, you get off it. The sympathy towards Lillian Jean Simms has totally decreased because what she did was just too dramatic and it was just a ‘bump’. In my opinion Cassie did not have to go on her knees because she didn’t deliberately bump into her; all that should have been done was an apology to Lillian. My sympathy towards Cassie has increased more. The reason why I said this was because she was intimidated and forced to get on her knees even though she had already shed a tear; they didn’t care, they just wanted an apology from her. Conclusion: To sum up I think that Racism is totally unacceptable and utterly inglorious. In this novel I think that Taylor was trying to put across the fact of what the black people had to go through in the 1930s every day of their lives, and how their wouldn’t even be an us our even a peaceful world if racism was still occurring. I also think that Taylor is trying to compare today’s life to the 1930s and too see how much the black people suffered. How to cite Black People, Papers

Leadership Potential Skill

Question: Consider a speaker or presenter that you saw recently, and whose performance made you want to tell your colleagues or friends about it. Consider the following questions: How long was the session? What was it that caught and held your attention? Was there a slide or video component as part of the presentation? If so, what factor did it play in how well you enjoyed the session? Answer: Introduction: One of the primary anticipation from a speaker is the potential skill of leadership. According to Winston Churchill, it can be said, that- I see it is said that leaders should keep their ears to the ground. (Aarts et al. 2013). The best communication skills of a leader must include the respective approaches: 1) To know the need of the audience, normal speakers just deliver information, but a potential speaker inspire, enlighten, and deliver the information to a ground level. 2) To have a clear and consistency in the message which the leader has to deliver to his audience with potentiality and it should be compelling too. 3) To develop a powerful voice with uniqueness, which is not be confused with the volume or even beautiful resonance. 4) Use of effective communication skills with effective delivery (Pilet et al. 2014).Discussion:I have come across such a potential leader and speaker in Canada, Lester B Pearson, who was initially the deputy minister of external affairs, minister of external affairs, leader of the Liberal Part and former Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968 respectively. He was the first Canadian prime minister. I have gone though a speaking session of Mr. Lester B Pearson of about 7:33 minutes where he has deliberately delivered his agendas to an interview (Vid, 2012). I am surprised to view splendid communications of this political leader, who have overcome the stipulated facts and the stereotypic rules and priorities of the audiences. The referenced speech of Mr. Lester B Pearson was taken at a stage when he was brutally fighting with his last stages of cancer. The communication session was delivered in October of the year 1972, where he mentioned about his condition in which he could pass away at the end of December. The high spirit and the intellectuality within him were still not finished. In another communication ceremony, he has spoken of his overall view on his long career in the field of politics and the ups and downs he had gone through in his life. The government of the society was one his priority in the talk. He had the potential to represent Canada to abroad and can lead the country just after the United States of America (Dror 2014). The most interesting part of his speech was how he managed the situations and overcame the problems was a major thing to salute. He did not use any extra videos to elaborate his talk. His communication skills with the audiences include all the facts which I think to suppose to be the most relevant facts that a leader and a speaker should possess. The way of delivering his facts and information to his audiences comprises with peace and humbleness. The most important thing which impressed me about his speech is the way he explained about the government and improving the society of Canada. The country would undergo huge progress if he stayed as a leader for some more periods (Mackay et al. 2015). Conclusion: I have always been a fond of stage speakers, as I enjoy the presentations of the leaders in their different ways. The language, communication skills, speech delivery, intellectuality influence me to be interested in the communication of the leader with high speaking capacity. The speech remains in my mind, as a momentum which helps to make clear perspective in my life. References: Aarts, K., Blais, A. and Schmitt, H. eds., 2013. Political leaders and democratic elections. OUP Oxford.Dror, Y., 2014. Priming political leaders for fateful choices. Meunarodne studije- asopis za meunarodne odnose, vanjsku politiku i diplomaciju,14(3/4), pp.98-108.Mackay, D.J.B., 2015. The Evolution of Canadian Diplomacy towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.Pilet, J.B. and Cross, W., 2014. The selection of political party leaders in contemporary parliamentary democracies: a comparative study (Vol. 4). Routledge.Vid, Fed. "Lester Pearson Interview". www.youtube.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 23 May 2016.

At the beginning of our day out Briggs is portrayed as an antagonist Essay Example

At the beginning of our day out Briggs is portrayed as an antagonist Essay At the beginning of Our Day Out the character of Mr. Briggs is told to keep an eye on things. At this point we dont know a great deal about him apart from the fact that he acts a bit like a spy. Briggs addresses the pupils on the coach to sit down and his first words are typical of a strict teacher: Reilly. Dickson. Sit down! It shows it will not be easy for the pupils to get on with as they want to have a good time, and a good time in his eyes is to sit down quietly and talk to people sitting near by you. Briggs dialogue indicates that he is strict. He does not talk to people in a normal tone; it is more of a strict tone. And there are a lot of exclamation marks in his dialogue indicating he shows most of the time. Mrs. Kay is the classes teacher, she is a nice lady that knows the children wont amount to much, as there is no jobs around in that area. Briggs and Mrs. Kay seem to not get along, this is because of the different teaching styles. Briggs does not understand that the pupils fathers work hard and do not have much to show for it. Whereas Mrs Kay understands it is hard for them, understand they wont grow up to be much and tries to be nice. We will write a custom essay sample on At the beginning of our day out Briggs is portrayed as an antagonist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on At the beginning of our day out Briggs is portrayed as an antagonist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on At the beginning of our day out Briggs is portrayed as an antagonist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mrs Kay and the other teachers are as disappointed as the children when they hear Briggs is coming on the trip because they know what he is like. He does not think the children deserve to be allowed on a trip like this and enjoy it. He is an old fashion teacher, who sticks by rules. He thinks Mrs. Kay should teach them in a different way. He is under the impression that if they learn something they will have a better lifestyle. Comedy is a main ingredient to the play. It happens in many scenes throughout the play. To begin with when Les walks out to get Carol across the road. He sets his timing just right to stop the arrogant get that is Briggs. Then, there is the scene when Mrs. Kay fools the driver into believing that the children are poor. The zoo, the shop, the girls with Colin all of these scenes all have comedy in them. Briggs serious nature also adds to the humour because the behaviour of the children makes him so mad. Mrs Kay persuades Briggs to sit down and have a coffee. He does not think that the children should be left alone, however Mrs. Kay reassures him that they will be okay. Yet when Briggs finds out the children have stolen the animals he gets angry. He disagreed with Ronsons view about the caged animals and he says that was all they were used to. Here, Willy Russell speaks metaphorically. The caged animals are like the children. The children see the life they want, like the bears see the freedom, yet they cant reach it. Russell shows us that Briggs and the children are so different thought the language by using phonetic spelling to highlight accent. At the beach and the fair, Briggs seems like a different person. He tells the driver to go to the fair. He seems to have become used to the children by this time. At the beach, Carol, a student from the progress class that has big dreams but no way of getting them, goes missing. Briggs finds her on the edge of a cliff and tells her to get away from the edge. She replies with something the audience thinks, You dont care. The audience then start to see a different side to Briggs when he replies If I didnt care, why am I here now. This implies that Briggs does care about the students, but he is an old-fashioned teacher. He believes that children go to school to learn, not to have a fun time. The end of the play is relaxed. The children have a good time at the fairground and Mrs Kay takes some photos, which Briggs gets hold of, with the promise to develop them, yet he throws them away. Personally I dont think Briggs changes. Just before the bus got back to school, Russell adds this stage direction: Briggs takes off his hat, combs his hair and put back on his jacket I think he relaxed and tried to enjoy the trip, but when he gets back to school, his place of work, he is the old Briggs again. I think in general that the audiences view has changed of Briggs. He is an old fashioned teacher and thats the way he is, but I think that the audience now see that there is a different side to him. A side that is rarely seen. I think that Briggs is a good teacher and that he does have a better approach to the children than Mrs Kay. Although she understands them better, I think that Briggs would teach them more as he has strict rules, He would make them learn, where as Mrs Kay simply talks to them and plainly understands them.

THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS essays

THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS essays "The Business of the United States is Business," a great man once said. The United States has heralded around the globe for its incredible economic system. The growth of the United States started off small with minor discoveries and inventions, such as oil and electricity, and with those in place emergence of new technologies and innovations came underway. The railroads came about very slowly and became very popular. A man named Henry Bessemer came up with a way to make steel cheaply and efficiently (Bessemer Process). With the prices of steel dropping railroads were being built all across the nation. Major business tycoons, such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, took advantage of the demand for oil and steel and started their own companies and later developed a monopoly in their own area of business. New laws and business practices were also enforced. These topics will be addressed in the following pages. Common in all industries was the consumption and high use of electricity. The United States strived to find a cheap and efficient source of electricity to power its companies. Oil and the invention of the dynamo greatly aided industries need for power. Edwin Drake (a railroad conductor) was the first to drill for oil. Edwin Drake made quick profits and many others followed his path. There were many uses for oil, which became very useful and cost-effective. Oil was used to lubricate machinery parts and later became a major part in the internal combustion engine. This engine later made the emergence of automobile possible. Large-scale use of electricity was not fully tapped until about the mid 1800's. Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry invented an invention called the dynamo. The dynamo produced enough electricity to run factories from the use of steam, and water. With electricity fully understood Thomas Edison began his work. Thomas Edison made more than a thousand different inventions in his...

MRSA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MRSA - Research Paper Example It is bothersome for immunocompromised patients. MRSA gains entry into the body through these lesions on the skin and can spread to other organs too. Once it gains entry into the internal organs the condition may worsen and symptoms like, fever, chills, reduction in blood pressure, pain in joints could be witnessed, further, headaches, shortness of breath may result. Under grave conditions rashes appear all through the body and a medical emergency occurs. The condition may lead to endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis all these conditions may turn out to be fatal. Tracing the history, it was discovered in 1961 in UK. Later, in 1981, it come into notice in USA amongst the drug abusers or those who were taking medications through intravenous routes. It is because of its terrifying nature it is also referred as â€Å"super bug† in medical science. With time the bacterium has gained resistance over different antibiotics and thus has emerged as ferocious disease causing organism. Records state that the number of cases are enhancing at a rapid pace. According to published reports by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 127,000 cases were reported in 1999 while in 2005 the number augmented to 278,000, moreover the death toll also enhanced from 11,000 to 17,000. Further it was estimated that 94,360 deaths were due to MRSA infection, of these 18,650 were due to hospitalizations in the year 2005 (Klein, 2007). The statistics suggests that MRSA is responsible for greater number of deaths per year in USA as compared to the deaths caused by AIDS (Stein, 2007). Based on the studies, MRSA has been categorized as Community Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) or Healthcare Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). 1. MRSA is a painful condition; individuals with compromised immune system may get affected at a rapid pace as compared to those with enhanced immunity. It is observed that consumption of junk food or food items poor in

Evidence-Based Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence-Based Practices - Essay Example The Role of Nurses in Research and EBP: Nurses are the frontline soldiers who meet with patients, conduct assessment reports, and they must research the best health solution applicable to each patient. Nurses, as actual practitioners, are also the best ones to conduct research studies, based on trends they may be seeing in their practices (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). Deductions can be made through the research involved in determining solutions, taking accurate records of treatment results, using clinical reasoning throughout the process, and providing outcome treatment results for either supporting current practices or providing a case for the need to change a current process. EBP Models Used in Hospitals/Clinics/Organizations: The model diagram below shows the typical process used in hospitals, clinics, and organizations on how medical practices use EBP as part of the common practice process for providing the best healthcare possible.  The Institute of Medicine’s Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine (IMREBM) addresses healthcare processes within a clinical setting to achieve best results in providing medical solutions. The group is made up of senior leadership from healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, third-party payers and patients (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). The emphasis is placed on efficiency in providing EBP in a timely manner, generating more evidence in supporting the most effective and valued healthcare strategies and, finally, developing best processes in disseminating healthcare evidence as part of educating the public (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011; LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2013).  The United States Preventive Se rvices Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of experts who continuously review and recommend better practices in preventive services such as any type of medical screening, preventive medicines and best practices in counseling for the public.

Elasticity Experiment: Application of Hookes Law

Elasticity Experiment: Application of Hookes Law Nguyen Manh Tri Investigation of elasticity Introduction General statement Any string that able to stretch and come back its original length can be considered as a spring. Each spring has constant of elasticity (stiffness) that depends on its material. A simple spring generally is made from metal. Background Elastic forces of the springs appear at the ends of the springs and material effect on the contact or association with it as it is deformed (Elert, 1998). The direction of elastic force counters the direction of the external force causing deformation. Specifically, when stretched, the elastic force of the spring towards the axis of the spring on the inside; even when compressed, the elastic force of the spring axis oriented outwards. The most popular law of elasticity is Hooke’s law. When a force is applied to an elastic object, the object will be stretched. A change in length à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l is formed. In the elastic limit, the magnitude of the elastic force of the spring is proportional to the deformation of the spring. Hooke’s law can be expressed as = k () where k is a constant value which shows the stiffness of the object (BelenkiÄ ­, Salaev and SuleÄ ­manov, 1988). The k value has unit of newton per meter. A spring of length l1 is hung up by a bracket as shown in figure 1. If a mass is applied to the other end the spring, the spring will be stretched, resilient until all the energy is gone and form a new length l2. Then the system is balanced, the applied force, the weight of the mass, must equal the restoring force Mg = k(l2 – l1) = kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l Figure 1 Mathematically, Mg = k can be written as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l = [1.0] Equation [1.0] also can be performed as a linear equation (Treloar and Dunn, 1974) y = mx where y is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l and x is M. Then if we hang more and more weights for the spring and measure the length à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l for each, the gradient of the graph is (Bbc.co.uk, 2014). Consequently, we can find the constant value k by calculating the gradient. For rubber or steel wire rope elastic force only when external forces are stretched. In this case the elastic force is called tension. Tension set point and direction like elastic force of the spring. For the contact surface is deformed when pressed against each other, with the elastic force perpendicular to the contact surface. Aims To determine the constant of elasticity of several different springs To find out the elastic limit. Hypothesis There are number of factors which affect the springs’ constant. One of these factors is the types of material, which makes the stiffness of springs different. Hookes law is accurate with simple objects such as springs. With material such as rubber or plastics, the dependence between the elastic forces in the deformation could more complicate (BelenkiÄ ­, Salaev and SuleÄ ­manov, 1988). In essence, the elastic interaction forces between molecules or atoms, i.e. the electromagnetic force between electrons and protons inside the elastic material. When the large deformation to a certain value, the elastic force does not appear again, and this value is called the elastic limit, if you exceed the time limit elastic deformation material will not be able to return original shape after impact not deform more. Figure 2: Elastic limit Method and Materials Figure 3: Experimental set-up Method The experiment was set up as shown in figure 3. The retort stand was placed firmly on the table. A spring was attached to the retort stand. The length of the spring (l1) in rest state was measured (using ruler) and recorded. The mass hanger (10 grams) was hung up the other end of the spring. New length of the spring (after applied the mass hanger) was measured (using ruler) and recorded. The change of length of the spring was calculated and recorded. One set of data was obtained afterwards. A weight was placed on the mass hanger. New length of the spring (after applied the weight) was measured (using ruler) and recorded. The change of length of the spring was calculated and recorded. Another set of data was obtained afterwards. Another weight was placed (20 grams total) and step 8 was then repeated. Step 9 was repeated until no weight left. 8 other sets of data were obtained afterwards. Steps 3 to 10 were repeated for the new springs (the remaining 2 springs). Finally, 30 sets of data were obtained (10 sets each spring). Results Table 1: First spring results l1 for the first spring = 13 mm M (g) l2 (mm) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l = l2 – l1 (mm) 10 14 1 20 16 3 30 18 5 40 20 7 50 21 8 60 24 11 70 25 12 80 25 12 90 28 15 100 31 18 Table 2: Second spring results l1 for the first spring = 20 mm M (g) l2 (mm) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l = l2 – l1 (mm) 10 20 0 20 20 0 30 22 2 40 24 4 50 28 8 60 32 12 70 35 15 80 39 19 90 42 22 100 46 26 Table 3: Third spring results l1 for the first spring = 20 mm M (g) l2 (mm) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l = l2 – l1 (mm) 10 20 0 20 20 0 30 20 0 40 22 2 50 24 4 60 27 7 70 32 12 80 34 14 90 38 18 100 40 20 Figure 4: Change of length against mass for the first spring Figure 5: Change of length against mass for the second spring Figure 6: Change of length against mass for the third spring As shown in figure 4, 5, and 6 three straight lines are formed and show a trend that the weight increases with increasing à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l. Discussion Calculation – Results from part 1 experiment From figure 4, y = 0.1834x 1 therefore, gradient (m1) = 0.1834 mm/g From figure 5, y = 0.3062x 6 therefore, gradient (m2) = 0.3062 mm/g From figure 6, y = 0.2774x 8 therefore, gradient (m3) = 0.2774 mm/g Since the spring constants are measured by gradient (m) = therefore, k = We also have g = 9.81 (ms-2), k1 = = = 53.50 mmgs-2 k2 = = = 32.04 mmgs-2 k3 = = = 35.36 mmgs-2 Results analysis Because of above factors, some points such as (10; 0) from figure 5 and (10; 0), (20; 0) from figure 6 are not involved in the trend line. The smallest share of the ruler is 1mm so it is unable to distinguish the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l between 0 gram and 10, 20 grams. Parallax error also is a cause of these strange points. Because of the very first à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l are too small, wrong angles between eyes and ruler may cause the errors of these points. Y-intercepts for 3 springs are -1, -6 and -8 respectively. The y-intercept -1 is a very small value and is able to show the accuracy of the experiment. The others two are much bigger because of different constant k values of springs (53.50, 32.04 and 35.36 respectively). For the first spring, which has k value are 53.50, it is much easier to distinguish different à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l values for the first weights. Consequently, there is no strange point is recorded for this spring, all the points involves in the trend line. For the last two springs, k values are almost half of the first one and it hard to distinguish à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l values for the first weights. This is the reason why strange points are recorded and do not involve in the trend lines. Consequently, the trend lines of these springs tend to go far away the origins when pass the y-axis. Errors analysis and other factors affecting the experiment Parallax error Parallax error is the most popular error in physics (Aphysicsteacher.blogspot.co.uk, 2009). Because this experiment contain many small values (smaller than mm), so parallax error may cause many wrong data and strange points. The concept of parallax error is related to the term parallax. For instance, in figure 7, different positions of eyes result in 3 values for the measurement (two of them are wrong values).Soparallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observer changes. Figure 7: Example for parallax error Consequently, the accuracy of the measurement depends on the angle between eyes and ruler. Because of this error, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  l values are slightly greater or smaller and results in slightly change of k values. To minimize this error, a pointer can be used to help read the scale on the ruler and the scale had to be viewed at eye level (Cyberphysics.co.uk, 2014). Temperature Materials’ thermal expansion coefficient ÃŽ ± and stiffness are connected. This connection is mathematically formulated as ÃŽ ± = where the ÃŽ ³G is a constant value (0.4 G ÃŽ ± is a constant value so if temperature is increased, density increases and stiffness increases; if temperature decreased, density decreases and stiffness decreases. Accuracy of ruler The smallest share of plastic ruler is 1mm. As mentioned above, there are many small values so it is necessary to consider the error percentage caused by accuracy of ruler. Improvement To minimize parallax error, a pointer can be used to help read the scale on the ruler and the scale had to be viewed at eye level (Cyberphysics.co.uk, 2014). To minimize temperature error, the air temperature should be held on standard (room temperature – 298K). To minimize accuracy of ruler error, an instrument which has small length accurately should be used (Mohindroo, 2006). The accuracy of the result can be greatly improved. Conclusion The constant of elasticity of 3 springs are 53.50, 32.04 and 35.36 respectively by calculating as mentioned above. Summarizing the three points, this experiment has met the objectives stated in the introduction. Knowledge about elasticity and constant of elasticity has learnt through this study. It is unable to find out the elastic limits because if keep adding weights until the springs can stretch more, the springs will be damaged and will not be able to come back its original shapes (Sadd, 2005). There are some factors are mentioned above, which are affect the results of this experiment. These factors do not change the results significantly (strange points were recorded only for the very first weights). Reference Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Hookes Law. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/forces/forceselasticityrev2.shtml [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015]. BelenkiÄ ­, G., Salaev, É. and SuleÄ ­manov, R. (1988). Deformation effects in layer crystals. Sov. Phys. Usp., 31(5), pp.434-455. Cyberphysics.co.uk, (2014). Hookes Law. [online] Available at: http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/forces/hooke.htm [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015]. Elert, G. (1998). Elasticity The Physics Hypertextbook. [online] Physics.info. Available at: http://physics.info/elasticity/ [Accessed 29 Mar. 2015]. Mohindroo, K.K. (2006). +2 Practical Physics Vol. II: Fifth Revised Edition. New Delhi: Pitambar Publishing. Sadd, M. (2005). Elasticity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Treloar, L. and Dunn, A. (1974). Rubber and rubber elasticity. New York: Wiley.